Web Survey Bibliography
Some researchers worry that when reporting the frequency with which they have performed a category of events (e.g., “gone shopping”), survey respondents may fail to take into account all events in the category. One remedial strategy that some researchers have recommended is for a survey question to offer examples of events that might commonly be overlooked by respondents (Groves, et al., 2004). In our research, we examined the effects of offering two different types of examples that survey developers could use to help respondents recall commonly overlooked events when generating frequency estimates.
A total of N=1124 U.S. consumers completed an online survey in which they answered a general question about their average number of weekly shopping trips during the previous six months, and later in the survey reported their average weekly shopping trips to 15 different specific store types. Some respondents answered a No Examples version of the general question which read, “During the last 6 months, how many times per week, on average, did you visit a store to go shopping?” Other respondents answered an Object Examples version (defined as references to people, places, or things related to a target category of events) in which specific store types were added to the question as examples. The last group of respondents answered a Behavior Examples version (defined as references to activities related to a target category) in which the phrase “…to go shopping” was expanded to include other shopping-related behaviors. In each condition, respondents entered a numerical value into an open-ended response option box that accepted a maximum of two digits.
Our results indicate that questions offering either Object Examples or Behavior Examples generate larger frequency estimates than questions with No Examples . However, the effects of Object Examples on frequency estimates appear to be driven by enhanced recall of only the listed objects. In contrast, Behavior Examples appear to influence frequency estimates by enhancing recall of a wider array of events. This suggests that giving respondents examples of target behaviors, rather than locations where those behaviors might have occurred, yields more accurate reports of frequencies.
General online research (GOR) 2008 (abstract)
Web survey bibliography - Krosnick, J. A. (41)
- Assessing the Accuracy of 51 Nonprobability Online Panels and River Samples: A Study of the Advertising...; 2016; Yang,Y.;Callegaro,M.;Yang,Y.;Callegaro,M.;Chin,K.;Yang,Y.;Villar,A.;Callegaro, M.; Chin, K.; Krosnick...
- Establishing the accuracy of online panels for survey research; 2016; Bruggen, E.; van den Brakel, J.; Krosnick, J. A.
- Moderators of Candidate Name-Order Effects in Elections: An Experiment; 2016; Kim, Nu.; Krosnick, J. A.; Casasanto, D.
- Understanding Society Innovation Panel Wave 7: Results from Methodological Experiments; 2015; Blom, A. G.; Burton, J.; Booker, C. L.; Cernat, A.; Fairbrother, M.; Jaeckle, A.; Kaminska, O.; Keusch...
- Comparing response order experiments with probability and non-probability samples; 2015; Yeager, D. S.; Krosnick, J. A.; Silber, H.
- A critical review of studies investigating the quality of data obtained with online panels based on...; 2014; Callegaro, M., Villar, A., Yeager, D. S., Krosnick, J. A.
- Online panel research: History, concepts, applications and a look at the future; 2014; Callegaro, M., Baker, R., Bethlehem, J., Goeritz, A., Krosnick, J. A., Lavrakas, P. J.
- Improving ability measurement in surveys by following the principles of IRT: The Wordsum vocabulary...; 2012; Cor, K., Haertel, E., Krosnick, J. A., Malhotra, N.
- Improving Question Design to Maximize Reliability and Validity; 2012; Krosnick, J. A.
- How accurate are surveys of objective phenomena?; 2012; Chang, L. C., Krosnick, J. A.
- A Systematic Review of Studies Investigating the Quality of Data Obtained with Online Panels; 2012; Callegaro, M., Villar, A., Krosnick, J. A., Yeager, D. S.
- Measuring americans' issue priorities. A new version of the most important problem question reveals...; 2011; Yeager, D. S., Larson, S. B., Krosnick, J. A., Tompson, T.
- Experiments for evaluating survey questions; 2011; Krosnick, J. A.
- Does mentioning "some people" and "other people" in a survey question increase the...; 2011; Yeager, D. S., Krosnick, J. A.
- Measuring User Satisfaction in the Lab: Questionnaire Mode, Physical Location, and Social Presence Concerns...; 2011; Jans, M., Romano, J. C., Ashenfelter, K. T., Krosnick, J. A.
- Measuring Intent to Participate and Participation in the 2010 Census and Their Correlates and Trends...; 2010; Pasek, J., Krosnick, J. A.
- Assessing the Accuracy of the Face-to-Face Recruited Internet Survey Platform: A Comparison of Behavioral...; 2010; Villar, A., Malka, A., Krosnick, J. A.
- Study of Non-Probability Sample Internet Surveys' Estimates of Consumer Product Usage and Demographic...; 2010; Yeager, D. S., Carter, A., Tewoldemedhin, H., Krosnick, J. A.
- User’s Guide to the Advance Release of the 2008-2009 ANES Panel Study ; 2009; DeBell, M.; Krosnick, J. A.; Lupia, A.; Roberts, C.
- Question and Questionnaire Design; 2009; Krosnick, J. A., Presser, S.
- Attrition in a Face-to-Face Recruited Internet Panel with Substantial Incentives; 2009; Malka, A., Krosnick, J. A., Ackermann, A., Debell, M., Turakhia, C.
- Lessons Learned About How to Accomplish Effective In- Person Recruitment of a Web-Equipped Survey Panel...; 2009; Ackermann, A., Krosnick, J. A., Turakhia, C., Debell, M., Malka, A., Jarmon, R.
- Comparison Study of Probability and Non-Probability Sample Surveys Conducted by Internet and Face to...; 2009; Yeager, D. S., Krosnick, J. A.
- Does Weighting Improve the Accuracy of Data from Non- Probability Internet Survey Panels of People Who...; 2009; Yeager, D. S., Krosnick, J. A.
- National Surveys Via RDD Telephone Interviewing vs. the Internet: Comparing Sample Representativeness...; 2009; Chang, L. C., Krosnick, J. A.
- Scientific Survey Research: Sustainable in an Online World?; 2009; Krosnick, J. A.
- Money for Surveys: What about Data-Quality?; 2009; A.Krosnick, J. A.
- The accuracy of online surveys with non-probability samples; 2008; Krosnick, J. A.
- ‘For Example’: How Different Example Types in Online Surveys Influence Frequency ; 2008; Berent, M., Krosnick, J. A.
- Comparing the Results of Probability and Non-probability Telephone and Internet Survey Data; 2008; Wang, R., Krosnick, J. A.
- “For Example…,” How Different Example Types in Online Surveys Influence Frequency...; 2008; Berent, M., Krosnick, J. A.
- Response option ordering: Reconciliating meanings conveyed by rating scale position and label. Unpublished...; 2007; Garland, P., Krosnick, J. A.
- Vote Over-Reporting: Testing the Social Desirability Hypothesis in Telephone and Internet Surveys; 2005; Holbrook, A. L., Krosnick, J. A.
- The Economist/YouGov Internet Presidential poll.; 2004; Fiorina, M., Krosnick, J. A.
- Telephone versus face-to-face interviewing of national probability samples with long questionnaires:...; 2003; Holbrook, A. L.; C., Green, M. C., Krosnick, J. A.
- Can What We Don’t Know (about “Don’t Know”) Hurt Us?: Effects of Item Non-response...; 2003; Krosnick, J. A., Behnke, C. S., Lafond, C. R., Thomas, R. K.
- The threat of satisficing in surveys: The shortcuts respondents take in answering questions; 2000; Krosnick, J. A.
- Survey research; 1999; Krosnick, J. A.
- Designing rating scales for effective measurernent in surveys; 1997; Krosnick, J. A., Fabrigar, L. R.
- Mail Surveys for Election Forecasting? An Evaluation of the Columbus Dispatch Poll; 1996; Krosnick, J. A.
- Response strategies for coping with the cognitive demands of attitude measures in surveys; 1991; Krosnick, J. A.